Comparison between Manual Gear and Automatic Gear Research Paper

Correlation between Manual Gear and Automatic Gear - Research Paper Example Such a transmission is comprised of a progression of riggings that are utilized to create the rotational power expected to turn the wheels of the vehicle. The transmission unit of a vehicle which is normally called a rigging box has gears which move power structure the motor of the vehicle to its wheels. The transmission must be furnished with numerous riggings in that the vehicle works on the correct apparatus in various circumstances. The gearboxes are of different kinds with the distinction being the determinant factor of how a vehicle will work. There are two principle kinds of apparatuses; manual rigging and programmed gears. Current vehicles have been outfitted with two significant transmission choices, to be specific; manual or programmed transmission. There exist various contrasts between these transmission types concerning their parts, how they work, the points of interest and weaknesses related with them and their applications. This paper is going to take a gander at the distinctions obvious between programmed transmission and manual transmission. A manual gearbox type is a vehicle transmission which allows the driver to pick equips as the individual wishes with the utilization of a stick move. For the driver to choose the ideal rigging, the grip pedal must be discouraged making it one of a kind to vehicles with manual transmission (Zheng W. Chung et al 2007). This move withdraws the gearbox detaching it from the motor. When the ideal apparatus has been picked through having the shifter moved to the right position, the grasp is currently free and can be discharged. This activity reconnects the gearbox and the motor. Manual transmission can be characterized into two sorts; the consistent work type and the sliding-gear structure. In the sliding rigging structure, its primary parts are the group and drive gear. On each rigging is a pooch grasp fitted with a center, a pole and an external ring (Zheng W. Chung et al 2007). Synchronizers are likewise fitted to forestall conflicting of the apparatuses. The center chiefly splines the drive gears while

Why I Want to Be a Doctor Essay Example For Students

Why I Want to Be a Doctor Essay Opening-There are around 701,200 specialists in the United States. Also, I could be one of them. They treat individuals when they are debilitated or harmed. They offer guidance to patients to help shield them from becoming ill. They wrap knees, endorse medication, close up cuts. They carry new infants into the world and solace more seasoned individuals who are debilitated or kicking the bucket. Also, what caused me to go into this vocation was that I generally needed to accomplish something in medication. Furthermore, I believed that why not become a M. D. What's more, medication is something I love to do. Attributes The setting is unbiased possibly a couple of pictures on the divider. I will ideally be working in an office. Ideally my office will have a tremendous window with a view. I feel filling in as a specialist I will be out of the workplace a ton. I hope to repair wounds and compose remedies for disease, likewise analyze sickness. Be that as it may, as a specialist I don’t anticipate that no two days should be actually indistinguishable. I could be brought in whenever of the night for a crisis. A specialist has the advantage of having adaptable hours or spreading out into a private practice. There are likewise a wide range of kinds of specialists from pediatricians to anesthesiologist. The alternatives appear to never end. I could likewise join the naval force and still proceed with my profession. Necessities The physical prerequisites are not that extreme as I suspected they were. The just one is trampling an emergency clinic. What's more, working at quick pace. I hope to have the option to do even as I age. The important qualities that I ought to have would science that is engaged with medication. I would require great social abilities and a level head. Furthermore, to have the option to deal with pressure well. This activity takes a great deal of tolerance. It takes at least eleven years to turn into a specialist. Also, some of the time longer for unique fields. The initial four years are loaded up with math and science classes. For instance, science, science, and material science and a couple of others. After the four years are up then understudies apply for clinical school. The clinical school I am thinking about is NYU medications. Standpoint Medicine started as ahead of schedule as the 1600s in the United States. Toward the start of the seventeenth century, clinical practice in England was isolated into three particular gatherings: the doctors, the specialists, and the pharmacists. Specialist was seen at the most noteworthy position and had earned a college degree. Pharmacists or drug specialist would recommend, make, and sell medication through once in a while inside emergency clinics. The three unique gatherings didn't go over so well in America . New out the college MDs from England came to America and expected to perform medical procedure and get ready drugs. Yet, the class distinction and highbrow character that was related with specialists and specialists immediately started to blur. The New Jersey Medical Society, sanctioned July 23, 1766, was the primary association of clinical experts in the provinces. It was created to shape a program grasping all the issues of most elevated worry to the calling: guideline of training; instructive norms for understudies; charge plans; and a code of morals. Later this association turned into the Medical Society of New Jersey and remains the most seasoned clinical society in the United States. The guidelines of clinical practice, by looking at and permitting experts, were begun by proficient social orders through commonplace councils as ahead of schedule as 1760. By the mid 1800s, the foundation of guidelines, gauges of training, and confirmation of specialists was immovably in the hands of the clinical social orders. Future-There are around 40, 000 occupations across the country for specialists across the country. Furthermore, that number is required to increment by 30 percent throughout the following hardly any years because of the developing number of older individuals. In any case, generally to the significant issues confronting our human services framework. Raising cost, poor individual wellbeing, and rising number of the uninsured. The normal pay for a specialist in New York is around 95,000 every year. The across the country normal pay is 78,000 per year. Individual There are two fundamental prizes with regards to be a specialist. One of the prizes for being a specialist is riches. .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 , .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 .postImageUrl , .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 , .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391:hover , .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391:visited , .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391:active { border:0!important; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391:active , .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud766088c7 b2d025248bd41955f0d2391 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud766088c7b2d025248bd41955f0d2391:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: For the Fire Poem Analysis Fom the Authors Perspective EssayThe other is extraordinary regard in the clinical world. Additionally the advantage of realizing you helped somebody live one more day. This activity is truly good with my work style conduct. Since it has the primary two I need and that is regard and riches. I hope to make to begin making around 75,000 per year. And afterward to move my way up. What's more, around midway however my vocation I hope to make around 85,000 every year. This profession I have picked brings in enough cash to help me and my family. My Plan-The abilities that I had around then was are docum enting, fundamental PC aptitudes, essential math aptitudes. In any case, presently I have learned further developed math abilities and science. The abilities I need presently are the development science classes, for example, science and science. Since this activity requires a great deal of science and math. This profession additionally requires persistence and a level head under tension. On the off chance that I decided to go to another vocation, for example, a drug specialist. I would be official for the activity. Fundamentally any vocation in medication, I would be administrator it for. Today-To start planning for this profession I could begin by taking a ton of math and science classes. For instance, classes like science, science, and material science. Or on the other hand classes like variable based math 1 and 2. The classes I can take in secondary school are recorded. Science, science, material science, variable based math 1 and 2. After an alum from secondary school I intend to take an entry level position at a clinic or clinical focus. Ideally it will me an inside look on the stuff to be a specialist. End The vocation I have picked is to be a specialist. Despite the fact that the long stretches of school and long entry level positions. I realize this is the vocation for me. Regular I will make a solid effort to spare lives. Furthermore, attempt my best to help fix sickness and fix people’s lives.

Are Name Brands Necessary Surprising Items You Can Find at the Dollar Store - OppLoans

Are  Name Brands  Necessary Surprising Items You Can Find at the  Dollar Store - OppLoans Are  Name Brands  Necessary? Surprising Items You Can Find at the  Dollar Store Are  Name Brands  Necessary? Surprising Items You Can Find at the  Dollar StoreAvoid running up your credit card for items you can buy at a fraction of the cost elsewhere. Here’s how you can save your pennies on frequently-bought items.Why pay $5 for something you can buy for $1? Spending the extra $4 is unnecessary if you can get what you need for $1 from your  local  dollar store.Many products aren’t necessarily higher quality just because you spent more money on them â€" especially more ephemeral or  name brand  products that you are only going to use temporarily.Here’s a grand list of items that you can get from a  dollar store, such as  Dollar Tree  or  Family Dollar  that would typically cost you a pretty penny somewhere else.Party suppliesBalloons,  streamers, and confetti are one-time use party items. It doesn’t matter if they are high quality if you are only using them for a few hours before throwing them away. The  dollar store  balloons and steamers will serve your party just as well as more expensive  party supplies.The dollar store has a variety of other party items available, as well, such as decorations, utensils, and more. If you want to save money when throwing a Halloween or holiday party, make the local dollar store your first stop when stocking supplies. For additional tips on saving money during the holidays, check out our post on holiday savings here.One other party item that will run easily run up your bill at a  drugstore,  Target  or somewhere else:  wrapping paper  and other gift-giving materials. Why spend $4 on a roll of  wrapping paper,  greeting cards, or a  gift bag  when the gift recipient is only going to throw it away after opening the present?Picnic suppliesPaper plates, disposable utensils,  food  storage  containers, and more are available for purchase at many  dollar stores. Instead of paying as much as three times the amount for these items at your  grocery store, check out the  dollar store  for disposable eating supplies.Don’t forget  paper towels  and napkins â€" these items can also be purchased for a dollar and are just as good as the expensive versions.Cleaning suppliesBelieve it or not, the $5 glass cleaner is just as good as the $1 glass cleaner. The $5  bleach  is just as good as the $1  bleach. The same ingredients are available for less at your  local  dollar store. If you want to clean your house, stop at the  dollar store  first to find the  cleaning products  you need. You might even find some tools like brooms and dustpans, rags, and more for a discount.Office or  back-to-school  suppliesThe pens and post-it notes that are sold at the dollar store do the job just as well as the pens and post-it notes at office depot. The only difference: The dollar store supplies are half the price, or even cheaper, in comparison. If you need things like copy paper, notebooks, writing utensils, or highlighters, check the dollar store first. You might be able to save a few bucks â€" and many m ore over time â€" on stocking your home office. Remember this during back-to-school season when school supply expenses are bound to make a dent in your checking account and savings is key.Craft suppliesA surprisingly diverse variety of craft supplies are available at the  dollar store. They can support a variety of hobbies. Florists can find all sorts of ribbons, floral foam, artificial flowers, wire, tape, and more. Painting hobbyists can find canvases, acrylic and oil paints, small canvases, paint palettes, paint markers, and more.For jewelry makers, dollars stores often sell beads, string, and wire. They also have yarn and knitting needles available for people who love to knit and crochet their own sweaters and scarves.General craft supplies, such as stickers, crayons, Popsicle sticks, colored pipe cleaners, glue, construction paper, and more are also available at dollar stores. These supplies are great for basic crafts as well as fun children’s crafts that will keep kids occup ied and happy on the cheap.DishwareThe  dollar store  has more than disposable dishware â€" they also often sell reusable, dishwasher-friendly glasses, plates, stemware, and utensils. You can stock your entire kitchen on a discount by visiting the  dollar store.The truth is that stemless wine glasses look about the same whether they cost $1 or $10 a piece. Save some money by going with the cheaper option â€" especially if you have people using them who are prone to breaking things.Children’s toysDoes your child really know the difference between a dollar squirt gun and a $10 squirt gun? The difference between $1 bubbles and $5 bubbles? I remember being a child and going to the  dollar store  with my $1 bill and choosing a toy to take home. I purchased dolls, Silly Putty, pool toys, and bubbles, and I loved those toys as much as I loved the expensive toys from pricey toy stores.There’s no need to run up your credit card or go into debt to buy items your children will love; the $1 options will often do just as well. While you might not be able to buy a fancy dollhouse or a child-sized kitchen at the  dollar store, certain kinds of toys will be just the same, like dollar matchbox cars or  coloring books.Avoiding  name brands  is the ultimate money saverEvery dollar counts when you’re budgeting or saving off debt. Being open to buying the off-brand, dollar items can save you a lot in the long run.  Party supplies, disposable picnic supplies, children’s toy, craft items,  office supplies,  cleaning supplies, and more are available on the cheap from discount stores like the  dollar store.Looking for other ways to save money in various areas of your life? Check out our Is it Worth it? series, covering a variety of topics from digital subscriptions to credit card points.

Why Principals Must Build Relationships with Parents

Much has been made about the need for teachers to foster healthy relationships with the parents of their students. Likewise, a principal must seek out opportunities to build cooperative relationships with parents.   Though the relationship between principal and parents are much more distant than the relationship between teacher and parents, there is still considerable value there.   Principals who embrace the opportunity to build the relationships with parents will find it to be a worthwhile investment.   Relationships Build Respect Parents may not always agree with your decisions, but when they respect you, it makes those disagreements easier.   Garnering parental respect helps to make those tough decisions a little easier. Principals are not perfect, and all their decisions will not turn to gold. Being respected gives principals a little latitude when they do fail. Furthermore, if the parents respect you, the students will respect you.   This alone makes any time invested in building relationships with parents worthwhile. Relationships BuildTrust Trust is sometimes the most difficult thing to earn. Parents are often skeptical. They want to know that you have the best interests of their children at heart.   Trust happens when parents bring issues or concerns to you and know when they leave your office that it is going to be addressed. The benefits of earning a parent’s trust are fantastic. Trust gives you the leeway to make decisions without looking over your shoulder, worrying about being questioned, or having to defend it.   Relationships Allow for Honest Feedback Perhaps the biggest benefit of having a relationship with parents is that you can solicit feedback from them on a wide variety of school-related issues.   A good principal seeks out honest feedback. They want to know what works well, but they also want to know what needs to be fixed.   Taking this feedback and examining it further can spark great changes in a school. Parents have great ideas. Many will never express those ideas because they do not have a relationship with a principal.   Principals must be okay with asking the tough questions, but also receiving the tough answers.   We may not like everything we hear, but having feedback can challenge the way we think and ultimately make our school better. Relationships Make Your Job Easier A principal’s job is difficult.   Nothing is predictable. Each day brings about new and unexpected challenges.   When you have healthy relationships with parents, it simply makes your job easier.   Calling a parent about a student discipline issue becomes much easier when there is a healthy relationship there.   Making decisions, in general, become easier when you know that parents respect you and trust you enough to do your job that they are not going to be beating down your door and questioning your every move. Strategies for Principals to Build Relationships with Parents Principals spend a large amount of time after school at extra-curricular activities. This is a great opportunity to reach out and build informal relationships with parents.   Great principals are adept at finding common ground or mutual interests with almost any parent.   They can talk about anything from the weather to politics to sports.   Having these conversations helps parents see you as a real person and not just as a figurehead for the school.   They see you in part as the person who really likes the Dallas Cowboys as opposed to the guy that’s out to get my kid. Knowing something personal about you will make it easier to trust and respect you. One simple strategy for building relationships with parents is to randomly call 5-10 parents each week and ask them a short series of questions about the school, their children’s teachers, etc.   Parents will love that you took the time to ask them their opinion. Another strategy is a parent’s luncheon.   A principal can invite a small group of parents to join them for lunch to talk about key issues the school is dealing with.   These luncheons can be scheduled on a monthly basis or as needed.   Utilizing strategies like these can really solidify relationships with parents. Finally, schools are almost always forming committees on a variety of school-related topics. These committees should not be limited to school personnel. Inviting parents and students to serve on a committee brings a different perspective that can be beneficial for everyone.   Parents get to be a part of the inner workings of the school and provide their stamp on their child’s education. Principals are able to utilize this time to continue to build relationships and solicit a perspective they may not have otherwise been given.

Speech Acts in Linguistics

In linguistics, a speech act is an utterance defined in terms of a speakers intention and the effect it has on a listener. Essentially, it is the action that the speaker hopes to provoke in his or her audience. Speech acts might be requests, warnings, promises, apologies, greetings, or any number of declarations. As you might imagine, speech acts are an important part of communication. Speech-Act Theory Speech-act theory is a subfield of pragmatics. This area of study is concerned with the ways in which words  can be used not only to present information but also to carry out actions. It is used in linguistics, philosophy, psychology, legal and literary theories, and even the development of artificial intelligence. Speech-act theory was introduced in 1975 by Oxford philosopher J.L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words  and further developed by American philosopher J.R. Searle. It considers three levels or components of utterances: locutionary acts (the making of a meaningful statement, saying something that a hearer understands), illocutionary acts (saying something with a purpose, such as to inform), and perlocutionary acts (saying something that causes someone to act). Illocutionary speech acts can also be broken down into different families, grouped together by their intent of usage. Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Acts To determine which way a speech act is to be interpreted, one must first determine the type of act being performed.  Locutionary acts  are, according to Susana Nuccetelli and Gary Seays Philosophy of Language: The Central Topics, the mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain meaning and reference. So this is merely an umbrella term, as illocutionary and perlocutionary acts can occur simultaneously when locution of a statement happens. Illocutionary acts, then, carry a directive for the audience. It might be a promise, an order, an apology, or an expression of thanks—or merely an answer to a question, to inform the other person in the conversation. These express a certain attitude and carry with their statements a certain illocutionary force, which can be broken into families.   Perlocutionary acts, on the other hand, bring about a consequence to the audience. They have an effect on the hearer, in feelings, thoughts, or actions, for example, changing someones mind. Unlike illocutionary acts, perlocutionary acts can project a sense of fear into the audience. Take for instance the perlocutionary act of saying, I will not be your friend. Here, the impending loss of friendship is an illocutionary act, while the effect of frightening the friend into compliance is a perlocutionary act. Families of Speech Acts As mentioned, illocutionary acts can be categorized into common families of speech acts. These define the supposed intent of the speaker. Austin again uses How to Do Things With Words to argue his case for the five most common classes:   Verdictives, which present a findingExercitives, which exemplify power or influenceCommissives, which consist of promising or committing to doing somethingBehabitives, which have to do with social behaviors and attitudes like apologizing and congratulatingExpositives, which explain how our language interacts with itself David Crystal, too, argues for these categories in Dictionary of Linguistics. He lists several proposed  categories, including directives (speakers try to get their listeners to do something, e.g. begging, commanding, requesting), commissives (speakers commit themselves to a future course of action, e.g. promising, guaranteeing), expressives (speakers express their feelings, e.g. apologizing, welcoming, sympathizing), declarations (the speakers utterance brings about a new external situation, e.g. christening, marrying, resigning). It is important to note that these are not the only categories of speech acts, and they are not perfect nor exclusive. Kirsten Malmkjaer points out in Speech-Act Theory, There are many marginal cases, and many instances of overlap, and a very large body of research exists as a result of peoples efforts to arrive at more precise classifications. Still, these five commonly accepted categories do a good job of describing the breadth of human expression, at least when it comes to illocutionary acts in speech theory. Sources Austin, J.L. How to Do Things With Words. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975. Crystal, D. Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. Malmkjaer, K. Speech -Act Theory. In The Linguistics Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010. Nuccetelli, Susana (Editor). Philosophy of Language: The Central Topics. Gary Seay (Series Editor), Rowman Littlefield Publishers, December 24, 2007.

Nuclear Energy Essay - 1946 Words

Nuclear Energy The world is running out of fossil fuels and this decrease in supply is causing an increase in price for the consumer. There is a growing need to find alternative sources for energy. The World Energy Council predicts that the world will be using 50 percent more energy by the year 2020 (Morgan). Among the options for more energy are wind, solar, water, and nuclear powers. Nuclear power gives far more bang for the buck than the others. Although it can produce vast amounts of energy there is a lot of skepticism about the benefits of nuclear energy. Most of the critics say that nuclear power is far too dangerous for widespread use. At the present time nuclear energy seems to be the best alternative source over†¦show more content†¦And by the 1960’s nuclear power had been established as a quality energy source. Nuclear power plants are much like coal or natural gas power plants because they use fission energy to heat water into steam, which powers turbines in gener ators that make electricity. Uranium-235 is packed in hollow rods at the core of a reactor; these rods can last from four to six years inside a reactor before they need to be replaced. Inside the rods is where the fission takes place. The rods are lowered into water and when the fission in the rods takes place it produces great heat and the water is boiled producing steam that powers the turbines. This all takes place in a controlled system that allows no radiation to escape the core of the reactor. Reactors are generally encased in steel and concrete to shield the radiation. The huge towers seen at a nuclear power plant release the excess steam from the system. This steam contains no radiation. Safety features on these reactor cores include emergency cooling devices to prevent meltdowns. If the reactor core is not cooled the heat is so great (300 ° C) it would melt the concrete and steel, which encloses the core. The amount of uranium needed to run a nuclear power plant is far less than the amount of coal needed to run a coal power plant. One pound of uranium can produce as much energy as 1,500 tons of coal and millions of barrels of oil (Gibson). Uranium is very plentifulShow MoreRelatedNuclear Energy Is The Energy866 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Nuclear Energy â€Å"Nuclear energy is the energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom.† Each nucleus has two kind of particles Neutrons Protons There are two process to release nuclear energy Fission and fusion Process Fission A atom of one element is divided to create two small atom of different elements Fusion During this process, nuclear reactors use uranium to release energy Two atoms are combined to made a large atom This energy produces heat and warms the reactors cooling agentRead More Nuclear Energy1400 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion is what caused this. Nuclear power plants are good for producing energy, but they do affect the environment. Mother Nature has no doctor to cure her of her ailments, unlike humans who do. Who asked Mother Nature could we contaminate her crystal clear waters, strip her of her beauty, or darken her skies? Did anyone consider her with the idea of how nuclear power plants would affect the environment and how the need of nuclear energy would increase, how nuclear power plants could be saferRead MoreNuclear Energy984 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing to research all energy sources and their drawbacks, we are also going to explore on some the negative ramifications that even the clean hydropower have, additionally we are going to weigh those against the possible consequences of developing nuclear power, a controversial alternative to fossil fuels. We will discuss the Fukus hima Daiichi nuclear disaster as well as the 20th century Chernobyl nuclear meltdown in drawing conclusions about risk versus reward of nuclear energy use. As we allRead MoreNuclear Power And Nuclear Energy1341 Words   |  6 Pageswhen nuclear energy is produced without incident, the science itself creates vast quantities of toxic waste, which is impossible to discard† (Dupea, n. pag.). Because of the fact that there is no way to safely dispose of nuclear energy and waste, many issues have arose. There are many more safe and more reliable sources and ways to produce energy that involves less risks. Countries need to eliminate the use of nuclear energy due to the problems it causes. Some of the largest issues with nuclear energyRead MoreNuclear Power And Nuclear Energy Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Nuclear power is used to some degree to provide electricity to many countries, and it is also playing a significant role as a main fuel resource for marine propulsion for ships. For many countries, nuclear energy is their primary energy source, such as France. However, nuclear energy has its benefits and drawbacks. The nuclear energy power plants need less raw materials than the other energy power plants, such as coal power plants. 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Nuclear power uses nuclear fission to release nuclear energy which creates heat that can then be used in nuclear power stations to provide electricity. In nuclear fission, the nucleus splits apart generating large amounts of energy. Nuclear fusion is also an excellent energy source because it produces no greenhouse gases or combustion products which are not radioactive. The drawback is that it takes too much energy so we are sticking to nuclear fission. Nuclear power a controversialRead MoreNuclear Energy And Nuclear Power Essay1582 Words   |  7 PagesNuclear Energy For many Americans, the electric bill is the most dreaded bill to arrive each month; it is always expensive, yet it doesn’t have to be. To lower electricity costs for citizens and businesses, the Unites States could increase its use of nuclear power. Nuclear energy is created when an unstable radioactive element decays and emits nanoparticles called radiation. With today’s current technology, the emission of these atoms as well as the energy released can be controlled and used in

Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management

Question: Discuss about the Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management. Answer: Introduction: The current study focuses upon the factors pertaining to Breyers ice cream that shall facilitate in determining the market entry strategy in the consumer goods market in Thailand. Leih Teece (2014) mentioned that in case of launching a product into a new market, it pertinent to note the probable attributes of the product that can counter the features of competing products. Discussion: The core functions pertaining to Breyers ice cream is to facilitate consumption of a food product. Shaw (2015) advocated that in case of market entry strategy, it is relevant to note that despite having sound attributes many product fails to capitalise upon the uniqueness that their products tend to have. In the context of tangible attributes pertaining to product of Breyers, the primary attributes relates to the contents that ice creams generally tend to have such as presence of homogeneous fats, creams and flavoring along with proper packaging that ensures that the product is kept in an appropriate manner. In this context, the products offered by Breyers tend to differ from that of its competitors owing to its packaging and contents (Breyers 2016). In terms of augmented features that can differentiate Breyers products the management at Breyers requires to launch its flavors selectively as well as introducing ice creams with certain localised flavors that complements Thai cuisine. The potentiality concerning increase of market share by Breyers in the ice cream segment of Thailands fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) is considerable. Moreover, in the context of potentiality, it can be construed that Brayers can introduce additional set of flavors or launch set of ice cream cones and or ice cream bars. Conclusion: Thereby, it can be inferred that the product shall be able to create its consumer base through creating individual attributes pertaining to its products that are hard to replicate. Moreover, the consumers will be able to receive additional set of products under Breyers brand and thereby the prospective consumer base of the brand can be enhanced by it through the potential and augmented product. References: Breyers. (2016). Breyers Ice Cream and Frozen Dairy Desserts. [online] Available at: https://www.breyers.com/ [Accessed 6 Dec. 2016]. Leih, S., Teece, D. (2014). Market Entry Strategies.Leih, S. Teece, D.(2014), Market entry strategies, In D. Teece and M. Augier (eds). Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management, London. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Shaw, K. (2015). Foreign Market Entry Strategies.China-USA Business Review, 395. Xu, H., Taute, H. A., Dishman, P., Guo, J. (2015). Examining Causal Relationships among International Experience, Perceived Environmental Uncertainty, Market Entry Mode, and International Performance.International Marketing in the Fast Changing World (Advances in International Marketing, Volume 26) Emerald Group Publishing Limited,26, 135-156.

Avoid War essays

Avoid War essays In the years 1793-1810 war with England and France was avoided. America was at a time where they had to choose their friends from their enemies. By doing so they tried to avoid war. The reason was because they had an enormous debt to pay. The war between France and America was avoided because of the Franco-American Accord of 1800 and the war between America and England was avoided because treaties were signed such as Jays treaty and acts were passed such as the Alien Enemies Act. Tension was breaking out between France and America because of Jays Treaty. This caused problems because France thought America was siding with Great Britain. In Jay's Treaty with Great Britain (1795) it was agreed that enemy property on neutral ships should be confiscated and that neutral property on enemy ships was allowed. The French saw Jay's Treaty as a violation of the treaty of 1778, a betrayal by the United States that France had helped to free and saw the United States as now allied with Britain. The French passed new laws affecting American trade. This is how tension grew more with France, however decreased with Britain. Adams sent three commissioners to Paris to avoid a war. The French foreign minister demanded a large bribe to initiate talks and an American loan of $12 million. This was known as the XYZ Affair. This diplomatic incident in 1789 caused Congress to upgrade the navy, which was weak since the Revolutionary War. Forty new ships were built from funds. In 1798, an undeclared naval war between the United States and France erupted. This was known as the Quasi-War. What put a stop to all this nonsense between these friendly nations was the Franco-American Accord of 1800. This was a settlement reached with France that brought an alliance. The United States had to surrender all claims against the French for damages done to American shipping during the Quasi-War. This brought a closer relationship with France and ended all t...

intro paper

intro paper intro paper DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND DESIGNS Descriptive research is used to answer descriptive research questions: What is happening? How is something happening? Why is something happening? Examples: What is the average age at which children learn to walk? What is the association between birth order and social skills? How does self esteem differ among adolescents who differ in the timing of their puberty? Why does school climate influence student achievement? Descriptive research designs include the following: 1. Simple descriptive data are collected to describe researcher administers a survey to a random sample of autistic children in order to describe the characteristics of the population of autistic children Ex1: What percent of children are autistic? Ex2: Given the spectrum of disorders within autism, what is the range of functioning? 2. Comparative descriptive describes two or more groups for comparison researcher administers a depression inventory to popular, rejected, and neglected students Ex1: What are the depression levels of popular vs. rejected, vs. neglected students? Ex2: What is the percentage of male vs. female students who are popular? Ex3: What is the percentage of males vs. females who are depressed? Hint: It may help to think about different levels/categories of your topic and/or different subject variables. 3. Correlational describe the statistical association between two or more variables researcher measures the student-teacher ratio in each classroom in a school district and measures the average student achievement on the state assessment in each of these same classrooms. Next the researcher uses statistical techniques to measure whether the student-teacher ratio and student achievement in the school district are connected numerically; for example, when the student-teacher ratio changes in value, so does student achievement. Note: the researcher did not manipulate the student-teacher ratio, they simply measured/captured a pre-existing value. Ex1: What is the relationship between severity of autism and others’ helping behaviors (the more sever the autism the more or less others help you)? Ex2: What is the relationship between GPA and degree of popularity? EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND DESIGNS Experimental research is used to answer causal research questions: Does something cause an effect? For example, does a low student-teacher ratio cause higher student achievement? The easiest

Personal characteristics that enable leaders to be effective Essay

Personal characteristics that enable leaders to be effective - Essay Example Humanistic approach of management has revolutionized the manner in which role of managers was perceived earlier.Now the emphasis is more on leading the teams instead of managing them. The management theories of leadership that emerged during 20th century also assert that personal attributes of leaders play a vital role in organizational efficiency and effectiveness. For today’s managers, it is important to identify what these personality characteristics are, in order to perform well in the leadership roles. This research is concerned with identifying personal characteristics of the leaders that enable leaders to be effective in their given roles through analysing literature available on the subject matter along with quantitative findings of a survey. Research Question What are the personal characteristics that enable leaders to be effective? Literature Review There are many leadership styles that have emerged over the period of time which include autocratic, transformative, tr ansactional, bureaucratic, charismatic, participative, Laissez-faire, task-oriented, servant and relationship oriented leadership styles (Kim and Yukl, 1995). Analysing these theories helps in understanding that there is no one ideal leadership style that can be adopted by today’s managers in perform effectively. However, there are various theories that explain that personal attributes and characteristics of the leaders have a direct impact on the motivation and performance levels of their respective teams and organizations (McCrae and Costa, 1995). Some of these theories include trait, contingency, situational and behavioural theories. Trait theories are a combination of theories presented by Gordon Allport and Odbert (1936), Raymond Cattell’s sixteen personality factor, Eyesenck’s three dimension of personality and five factor theory. A cumulative approach presented by these theories explains that the leaders possess certain personal characteristics that make them more suitable for a leadership role. According to trait theories, a leader is expected to be open to new experiences, conscientious, extravert, agreeable, emotionally stable with lack of psychoticism. Considering the impact of external factors, contingency theories were proposed (Fiedler, 1986). According to this set of theories, a leader is expected to be task and relationship oriented. The contingency theories themselves consist of path-goal theory, normative decision making and situational leadership theory (Fielder, 1964; House, 1996). All these theories recognize the notion that behaviour and skills inventory of the follower has a direct impact on the effectiveness of the leader. Therefore, a leader is expected to have capability of examining the needs of the follower and have reasonable flexibility to alter their leadership style accordingly. According to Hersey and Blanchard (1969), there are four leadership styles that can be used by the leader by combining directive an d supportive behavioural approach. These leadership styles include telling (high directive, low support), selling (high directive, high supporting), participating (low directive, high supportive), and delegating (low directive, low supportive). On the other hand, path goal theory claims that it is the nature of task and follower that should be considered by a leader while identifying a suitable behaviour according to requirement of the circumstances. These leadership styles include supportive (relations oriented), directive (task oriented), achievement oriented, and participative leader behavior (House, 1996). Another important theory that can be helpful in indentifying the effective leadership traits is transformational theory

Ryanair marketing strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ryanair marketing strategies - Assignment Example Worth noting is the fact that its low price strategy propelled the company to success for some years. However, towards the end of 2013 and part of 2014, the company experienced a decline in profits. The decline served as a warning for the company to develop better strategies so that it can survive in the industry. This paper will describe Ryanair’s low-cost strategy and highlight its recent marketing strategy, which has helped the company to rise from the decline. Ryanair is a company founded by three individuals named Christopher Ryan, Liam Lonergan, and Tony Ryan in 1985. Notably, the three of them began with a family aircraft that were determined to develop the company into a successful airline. Ryanair would soon develop to become a low-fare airline in Europe, providing customers with an opportunity to travel at cheaper rates. In 1990, the company undertook a venture of restructuring the company and focusing on the low-cost model. In 1995, the company became the greatest airline in Ireland overtaking its competitors in the country. In 1997, the company went public on the Dublin stock exchange. In 2000, the company advanced to introduce online booking for its customers. The company progressed to open up new roots and expansion of its business in the European airspace in 2004. However, in 2009, the company registered an annual loss of â‚ ¬ 169M. With such a loss, the company needed to strategize on how to get back on the right track (Dom inic OConnell 2014, p. 6). Notably, the company has five main bases Madrid, Bremen, London, Charleroi, and Marseilles. The current CEO of the company is Michael OLeary. The company’s core vision is to register evolution in line with the company’s maturity. The company’s mission is to ensure that it remains profitable and offers customers opportunities to travel at low-cost while maintaining high customer standards. Recently, the company’s vision is centred on registering

The Importance Of Wastewater Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay

The Importance Of Wastewater Treatment Environmental Sciences Essay Water scarcity is the major problem that is faced all across the world. Although 2/3rd of the earths crust is made up of water but all this water is not available for drinking and for other human activities as either it is locked in the form of ice or present in the form of vast saline oceans and seas. It has been found out that 97% of the total water is salty that is of no use to human and animals (except marine animal) and the remaining three percent is available as freshwater. More than half of this three percent is locked in glacier and less than 0.01% is available as fresh water. So water resources are less as compare to human demand for water. Above this, the major part of water that can be consumed is getting polluted because of human activities. This polluted and untreated water is causing abundant water borne diseases. Then the world is facing a huge climatic change which is further aggravating the water problem. Some of the regions are getting more rain water than earlier and some are getting almost negligible. Experts even believe that the next World War would not be for oil or land but it will be for water. Also because of improper use of water and lack of water treatment, the problem of water crisis will further increase where 884 million people are already not getting easy access to safe drinking water. And a further 2.5 billion people are getting difficult access to water for disposable and sanitation. Agriculture is also overusing and polluting the ground water thus depleting the natural source of water. So here water treatment plants will play important role. Water crisis at present is the biggest problem according to the United Nations. Almost 25 countries of Africa, parts of China, Peru and Brazil in Latin America, some parts of Middle East like Iran, Chile, Mexico, and Paraguay are some of the countries that are facing the water crisis. Even other parts of the world are facing the varied levels of the water crisis. Because of acute shortage of water, the food problems are getting aggravated. About 40 million people in Africa are facing the problem of food shortage. It is expected that if the similar conditions will persist then there will be 500 million till 2025 who will suffer from these problems. Nature has its role but the major water problem is arising because of its increasing consumption and faulty usage. Major chunk of the problem can be solved if the wastewater treatment is taken very seriously and precautions at every step are taken to improve the water quality. The supply and demand The demand for fresh clean water delivered to our homes is ever increasing as more and more residential homes are being established. Although 70% of the world is covered with water, only 1% is fresh water and thus raises a need to recycle waste water to satisfy our needs. Efforts to continuously recycle waste water are always stressed upon as a shortage would mean a disaster in heavily populated areas. Governments have committed billions towards research and development to such projects. Fresh water is also needed in agriculture. The demand for water in this sector is very high as farmer need fresh water for crops and cattle. Therefore, stresses the demand for sewage water treatment plants to be built. Water from rivers and lake are inadequate to provide water for farm and residences alike. The supply of sewage water treatment facilities are slowly dwindling. A crisis may arise from a lack of sewage water treatment plants as this would greatly reduce the supply of fresh water. Governments are desperately trying to keep up with the pace of development of the population but are slowly lagging behind. The supply of fresh water will be adequate for the next few years but if the development of sewage water treatment plant continues at its current pace it without a doubt a shortage would take place. Furthermore, the agriculture industry will be greatly impacted and the supply of food will go down as well leading to famine due to a shortage of water. The prospects of this industry The wastewater treatment industry most probably will be successful in future due to presence of new wastewater treatment technologies. Advanced Immobilized Cell Reactor technology is one of the new technologies which immobilize the organisms such as bacteria in the pores of the carbon matrix. This process can avoid the immobilized organisms from shock load application as the diffusion of the pollutants from bulk fluid phase to organisms follows Ficks law. Through conventional biological wastewater treatment, infinite electrical energy and vast land area are being consumed. Besides that, a huge investment in electromechanical equipment is involved which will bring about a huge total cost of operation. Generally, the total cost of operation for new technology is lowered compared to the convention technology. By using the new technology, the total cost of operation can be cut down to approximately 50 percent of the total cost of conventional treatment. Furthermore, the biological oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand are reduced by 94 percent and 90 percent respectively. Oxygen consumption in the new technology is lower than in conventional technology. The oxygen gas is supplied in the form if compressed air from the bottom of the reactor. Both liquid and gas streams are in counter-current direction which facilitates the oxidation of dissolved organics and desorbs the converted products. This is to make sure the activated carbon keep up its activity throughout the process. Moreover, with all those new wastewater technologies such as Advanced Oxidation Process, NERV (Natural Endogenous Respiration Vessel), Wet oxidation and many others processes, wastewater treatment can be done efficiently. For instant, through the new technologies less land is required to use to build plant; the power consumption is lowered. Besides that, the requirement for electrical and mechanical equipment is lower compared to conventional technology. In a conclusion, wastewater treatment industries have a good prospect in the future with the help of new technologies. By using all those new technologies, waste water treatment can be done efficiently with lower overall lifecycle costs, lesser energy and equipment needed. We are sure that there is more new technologies will be invented in order to improve the wastewater treatment. The impact on the environment When the waste water is mixed with the waste materials such like garbage, household waste, toilets liquid and disposable things, the resulting product called sewage or waste water. This sewage water is normally will undergo a few process before it is release to the environment but there are still some impact on the environment. One of the impacts on the environment is agricultural impacts. The sewage water contains salts which is soluble that may accumulate in the root zone with possible harmful effect on soil health and crop yield. The physical and mechanical properties of the soil, such as dispersion of particle, stability of aggregates, soil structure and permeability are very sensitive to the types of exchangeable ions present in irrigation water. Thus, when effluent use is being planned, several factors related to the soil properties must be taken into consideration. On the other hand the effect of dissolved solids in the irrigation water on the growth of plants is also another aspect of agriculture which we have to concern. Dissolved salts increase the osmotic potential of soil water and increase the osmotic pressure of the soil solution which increases the growth and the yield of most plants decline progressively as osmotic pressure increases. In addition the one of the environment impact is ecological impact where the drainage water from waste water irrigation schemes drains particularly into small confined lakes and water bodies and surface water, and if phosphatesin the ortho phosphate form are present, the remains of nutrients may cause eutrophication. Here the overloading organic materials resulting in decrease in dissolved oxygen may lead to changes in the composition of a aquatic life such as fish deaths and reduced fishery. The eutrophication potential of waste water irrigation can be assessed using biological indices, which in turn can be qualified in monitory units using economic valuation techniques. The hidden impact on the environment is the increase on the production of green house emissions. The large agriculture reuse project might cause to the environmental externalities associated with pumping water uphill which emits greenhouse gas. Another impact is on the health. The sewage water contains pathogenic microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, protozoans and parasitic worms, the diseases and signs related with such infection are also diverse including typhoid,dysentry and cholera, diarrhea and vomiting. the concentration of he pathogens in waste water is dependent on the source population and the susceptibility to infection varies from one population to another. So basically he waste water is actually harm for the nature even though its treated and release to the environment so as a human being we should not dispose the waste into the water thus our water will be clean and the cost of the treatment can be reduced. The Processes involved in this industry Pre-Treatment(prepared by Brian Lee CL, 0902669) Pre-treatment consists of three sub-stages which are Screening, Grit Removal and Fat and Grease Removal. Pre-treatment is done to remove materials which are easily collected such as debris, leaves and trash which would damage or clog up pumps and skimmers of the primary treatment. Screening is used to remove large objects such as leaves, twigs and cans in the sewage stream. This is normally done with a giant mechanical rake bar which is automated. The rake bar revolves around a central axis at a rate varying on the accumulation and flow rate of the sewage stream. The screens vary in sizes to optimize solid removal. Objects accumulated are collected and disposed in landfills. Grit is minute granules such as sand or stone. The wastewater is channeled to a chamber where to velocity of the water is adjusted so that the grit would settle at the bottom of the chamber. Grit may cause damage to the pumps or other equipment. Grit removal may not necessary in smaller plant. Fat and grease are groups of compounds which are generally insoluble in water. The fat and grease are normally found floating on the surface of the water. In some plants, the fat and grease are removed by using skimmers to collect the fat and grease on the surface of the water in a small tank. However this can also be done in the Primary treatment stage in the same manner. 2) Primary treatment (prepared by Tan HY, 0903497) Primary wastewater treatment is the second step in the wastewater treatment process ahead of the preliminary treatment of a headworks, involves the physical separation of suspended solids from the wastewater flow using primary clarifiers. The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settle able organic and inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float (scum) by skimming. Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 50 to 70% of the total suspended solids (SS), and 65% of the oil and grease are removed during primary treatment. Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals associated with solids are also removed during primary sedimentation but colloidal and dissolved constituents are not affected. The effluent from primary sedimentation units is referred to as primary effluent. On the other hand, primary treatment is the minimum level of reapplication treatment required for wastewater irrigation. It may be considered sufficient treatment if the wastewater is used to irrigate crops that are not consumed by humans or to irrigate orchards, vineyards, and some processed food crops. However, to prevent potential nuisance conditions in storage or flow-equalizing reservoirs, some form of secondary treatment is normally required  in  these countries, even in the case of non-food crop irrigation. It may be possible to use at least a portion of primary effluent for irrigation if off-line storage is provided. Primary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers may be round or rectangular basins, typically 3 to 5 m deep, with hydraulic retention time between 2 and 3 hours. Settled solids (primary sludge) are normally removed from the bottom of tanks by sludge rakes that scrape the sludge to a central well from which it is pumped to sludge processing units. Scum is swept across the tank surface by water jets or mechanical means from which it is also pumped to sludge processing units. 2) Secondly treatment (prepared by Harintharan S, 1101379) The secondary treatment in this sewage treatment is one of the most important part in this process. This process is basically designed to remove the waste product from the sewage. This system is also classified as fixed-film  or suspended-growth  systems. The secondary treatment contain a few processes, the 1st process is activated sludge. This activated sludge is majority from the plants which encompass the variety of mechanisms and processes that use dissolve oxygen  to promote the growth of biological flock that substantially removes organic material. This process basically change the ammonia  to  nitrite  and  nitrate  and ultimately to  nitrogen  gas. The 2nd process is this treatment is the Surface-aerated basins also known as Lagoons. This process basically removes the BOD from the sewage water. In an aerated basin system, the aerators provide two functions: they transfer air into the basins required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide t he mixing required for dispersing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and microbes).However, they do not provide as good mixing as is normally achieved in activated sludge systems and therefore aerated basins do not achieve the same performance level as activated sludge units. The biological oxidation in the Surface-aerated basins is sensitive to the temperature and the rate of reaction increase with the temperature. The suitable temperature for this process is in between  0  °C and 40  °C. Besides that the constructed wetland is one of the process also. This process is a process which cleans the drainage of animals and used to recycle the waste water. The constructed wetland are known to be highly productive systems as they copy natural wetlands, called the Kidneys of the earth for their fundamental recycling capacity of the hydrological cycle in the biosphere and they provide a high degree of biological improvement but depending on design. T he next process is the filter beds which is knows as oxidizing beds are used where the settled sewage liquor is spread onto the surface of a bed made up of  coke, then liquor is typically distributed through perforated spray arms, then distributed liquor trickles through the bed and is collected in drains at the base, and the  biological films of bacteria, protozoa and fungi to reduce the organic content. The next process is the Biological aerated filters are a combine filtration with biological carbon reduction,  nitrification  or denitrification. Its a dual processer in purpose of to support highly active biomass that is attached to it and to filter suspended solids. Carbon reduction and ammonia conversion occurs in aerobic mode and sometime achieved in a single reactor while nitrate conversion occurs in  anoxic  mode. This process is operated either in up flow or down flow configuration depending on design specified by manufacturer. In addition the Rotating biological contactors are the next process in this secondary treatment. This is actually a secondary mechanical treatment system which is capable  of withstanding surges in organic load. The rotating disks support the growth of bacteria and micro-organisms present in the sewage, which break down and stabilise organic pollutants. Oxygen is obtained from the atmosphere as the disks rotate. As the micro-organisms grow, they build up on the media until they are sloughed off due to shear forces provided by the rotating discs in the sewage.   Effluent from the system is then passed through final clarifiers where the micro-organisms in suspension settle as sludge. The sludge is withdrawn from the clarifier for further treatment. After that the membrane bioreactor combine activated sludge treatment with a membrane liquid-solid separation process. The component on this system uses low pressure for microfiltration or ultra-filtration membranes and eliminates the need for clarification and tertiary filtration.   The elevated biomass concentration in the system process allows for very effective removal of both soluble and particulate biodegradable materials at higher loading rates. The final process in this secondary treatment is the secondary sedimentation where the process is to settle out the biological flock or filter material through a secondary clarifier and to produce sewage water containing low levels of organic material and suspended matter. 4) Tertiary treatment (prepared by Raiminder S, 0904743) The main purpose of the tertiary treatment is to ensure that the treated water which is to be released on to the environment is biologically accepted by all other fresh water organisms such as weeds and algae. This part of the treatment includes processes like physical water treatment, lagooning, and excessive nutrient removal processes.to ensure that the discharged water is raised in effluent quality before proceeding to the final stages. In physical water treatment, much of the residual suspended matters are removed using only physical processes such as sedimentation  method and the infamous filtration method. In the sedimentation  method, the water is place in a certain tank to allow all the remaining heaver objects to sink down to the bottom of the container. After few hours went most of the dense object are separated from the water, the cleared effluent or waste stream is removed. Sedimentation is one of the most common methods, quite often used at the beginning and the end of many water treating processes. Another physical method that is commonly used in the sewage water treatment system is the filtration method. In filtration, the water is allowed to pass through filters to separate the contaminating solids from the water. Sand filter is a common filter used in this process. In a number of wastewater treatment methods, semi-solid contaminants like grease and oil are allowed to float on the surface of the wat er, and then they are physically removed. Besides the in lagooning where lagoon is a stationary system having a continuous flow: several ponds working in parallel in which the inlet flow and the outlet flow are equals form lagoon plants. The lagooning technique is a natural and very efficient technique that consists in the accumulation of wastewater in ponds or basins, known as biological or stabilization ponds, where a series of biological, biochemical and physical processes take place. In these ponds or lagoons, certain types of the microorganism are actually supported as these biological agents help in treating the water further by removing the fine particulates. These types of biological ponds are usually classified as anaerobic ponds or oxidation ponds depending on the shape, depth, organic rate, level of treatment of that particular lagoon itself. The excessive nutrient removal is the most viral step in the last stages of the water treatment before the water is released to the environment. When the previously treated water comes to this area of the system, the nutrients level mainly nitrogen and phosphorus in the water is checked. Where when found in excess, the excessive nutrient removal step is carried out. This is because if the unchecked water supply is to be released into the natural water system (river, pond, etc.) it will cause a sudden increase in the native microorganism population of that certain water system. Some of the native microorganisms which are commonly found in ponds today are usually weeds, algae, and cyanobacteria. Therefore, after the sudden rapid grown in the population of these microorganisms, the number of algae for example, becomes unsustainable which causes most of them to die and eventually decay. The following decay process would substantially increase the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in that p articular pond, which would cause the other fresh water living organism such as fishes to die as well. Firstly, the nitrogen removal process is carried out. There are various methods of removing nitrogen, each with advantages and disadvantages. However, the biological treatment method is used most commonly. With this method, organic nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen is converted into nitrous and nitrate nitrogen in an aerobic environment, and is dispersed into the atmosphere as anaerobic nitrogen gas. Therefore the gas is removed from the water and released to the atmosphere. And as there is no secondary pollution, this can be called an effective method. In the removal of phosphorus is usually carried out using a method called enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The first process in EBPR is the mainstream biological treatment process. Where the utilizing of aerobic and solids separation zones and the provision of return activated sludge are carried out. The next is a first side stream process for anoxic/anaerobic selection of desirable BPR organisms such as the polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). Finally, a second side stream process serves to ferment organic material in some of the return activated sludge to produce food utilized in the first side stream selection process. The system permits the three processes to be separated from each other by creating two side streams, allowing all three processes to be controlled separately and optimized in satisfying their own specific goals. Besides this biological method, the removal of phosphorus can also be done via chemical precipitation, usually with salts of iron, alu minum, or lime. Chemical precipitation is usually more reliable, easier to operate, and requires smaller equipment footprint than biological removal. But the main back draws of this chemical method is that it may form excessive sludge production as hydroxides precipitates and the chemical used in this method might be considered expensive. 5) Disinfection (prepared by Lim CS, 1001012) The main purpose of disinfection in the wastewater treatment is to provide a degree of protection from contact with infectants and pathogen organisms which will cause waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and hepatitis. Disinfection is also used to reduce the load of microorganisms in the wastewater to be discharged to the environment. Primary, secondary and even tertiary treatments do not fully remove the incoming waste load and microorganisms in the water stream and as a result, many microorganisms still remain in the wastewater. Therefore, various methods of disinfection are introduced such as chemical methods, physical methods and biological methods. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on different factors including the quality of wastewater being treated, disinfectant dosage, type of disinfection being used and others. For instant, cloudy wastewater will not be treated efficiently due to less contact time between ultraviolet light and microorganisms. These microorganisms are shielding by those solid matters in wastewater stream and it reduces the contact time. Generally, long contact times, high concentration of disinfectant and optimum temperature and pH value will increase the effectiveness of disinfection. Chlorination is one of the chemical methods which is commonly used for disinfection in the wastewater treatment. It is widely used through the world due to its low cost and long-term history of effectiveness. Chlorine can be applied in two general ways, liquid and gas. Chlorine in gaseous form is generally added to the wastewater stream rather than liquid form which is also known as hypochlorite because the former costs lesser than the latter. When chlorine dissolves in pure water, hypochlorous acid is formed followed by hypochlorites which are known as free residual chlorines Chlorine is an extremely active oxidizing agent which will react with many other substances in the water stream. For instant, it reacts rapidly with such compounds as hydrogen sulfide, ferrous iron and manganese which found in industrial wastewater. However, if all of the chlorine is consumed in these reactions, no disinfection will result. Hence, to accomplish disinfection, sufficient chlorine is added into wastewater stream to satisfy the chlorine demand and produce residual chlorine which will destroy bacteria. There are few factors which will affect the effectiveness of chlorination. Among the factors are pH, temperature, turbidity, control system and many others. However, chlorination brings some disadvantage to environment. Chlorination of residual organic material can generate chlorinated-organic compound which may be harmful to the environment. Those residual chlorines are toxic to aquatic species; therefore, dechlorination is needed, adding to complexity and cost of treatment. However, chlorination becomes less favoured as disinfectant due to rising cost and it had found to be toxic to aquatic species. As a result, ozone and ultraviolet begin to be used as disinfectant. Ultraviolet (UV) light is more environmental friendly to be used as no chemicals are used and leave no toxic residual. Ultraviolet radiation and damages the genetic material of microorganisms, destroying their ability to reproduce. Before pass through the UV disinfection unit, the wastewater must pass through an advanced pretreatment component. Wastewater flows in the stream parallel to the UV light in a thin film in order to increase the contact time. To increase the effectiveness of the UV light, the UV radiation must come in direct with pathogen organisms and other microbial in the wastewater stream. The effectiveness of a UV disinfection system is affected by few factors including characteristics of the wastewater, the contact time, intensity of UV radiation and many others. Turbidity, flow rate of water stream and suspended solids are also play an important roles in UV disinfection. These factors must be kept at low levels to ensure proper treatment. Disinfection of wastewater, primarily by chlorination, has played an important role in the reduction of waterborne disease. However, there are more new disinfection processes are being developed in order to maximize the effectiveness of disinfection. Role of engineer in this industry The Chemical Engineering is the profession that combines chemistry and engineering concepts that help to solve problems related to world hunger, pollution of our environment, creating new materials, or meeting demands for energy. Chemical engineers develop low cost processes for useful chemical products, which make it possible for both poor nations and the United States to manufacture important fertilizers. The roles of a chemical engineer in waste water treatment have to minimize the waste across the plant or reduction of waste loading to the treatment plant. Other than that, chemical engineer need to state whether its systems for the treatment and reuse of wastewater, process water treatment for industry, high-purity water for sensitive medical or scientific applications, or systems to supply clean drinking water to people and their families. Besides that, as a chemical engineer also responsible for providing expertise in their respective discipline as it applies to the hazard analysis of the process being studied. Therefore, we also in charge for attending the initial hazard analysis kick-off meeting. On the other hand, we are also required to be available to the team as required with the understanding that the team leader will give adequate advance notice when their expertise is required. Lastly we are necessary to provide documents of any existing safeguards and procedures. Skills/ knowledge required Many types of skills and knowledge are required for chemical engineer in waste water treatment. They required intensive knowledge in wastewater treatment technologies, so that they will more easy to solve the problems when they face the difficulty. On the other hand, they also need expertise in equipment design, influent water treatment, effluent monitoring, and wastewater recycling. In addition, proficiency in computer, programming, modeling and data analysis, for example AutoCAD, Microsoft Office, FOTRAN, Origin, Maple, Polymath, and other software are also the knowledge needed for chemical engineer. Moreover, strong technical writing, presentation, and project management skills are also useful skill for chemical engineer in order to present the researches after they have completed. Besides the skills at above the hazard and operability study (HAZOP) technique also needed for a chemical engineer working in industry. The HAZOP technique is most popular in most industry because that is technique which is structured and systematic examination of a planned or existing process or operation in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risks to personnel or equipment, or prevent efficient operation. Otherwise, HAZOP as well a qualitative technique based on guide-words and is carried out by a multi-disciplinary team (HAZOP team) during a set of meetings.

Ernest Hemingways Big Two-Hearted River and Sigmund Freud Essay

Ernest Hemingway's Big Two-Hearted River and Sigmund Freud Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"iceberg theory† suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. This type of writing lends itself naturally to a version of dream-interpretation, as this story structure mirrors the structure of the mind—the restrained, composed tip of the unconscious and the vast body of subconscious that is censored by the ego. Psychoanalyzing Hemingway’s fiction is double-sided—we must first analyze the manifest and latent contents that he probably intended, i.e., â€Å"This fishing trip will be a metaphor for a sexual act,† and then we must consider the manifest and latent content that he probably did not intend, but that arose from his own subconscious in the transference of writing, i.e., perhaps within thirty pages of intentionally masturbatory imagery, Hemingway was actually expressing his sexual repression rather than glorifying his manhood, as many literary critics in the past have claimed. Whether or not the manifest content is intentional, however, Hemingway’s precise and abundant revisions serve as a very effective tool for presenting strings of images and actions that are concrete and straightforward but not always fully developed, comparable to the strings of images in a dream. Through a sort of dream-interpretation, we uncover a new reading of Hemingway’s â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River† and we discover the techniques of dream-work, such as condensation and omission, enacted in art. From start to finish, â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River† proves to fall almost perfectly under Freud’s symbolism theories. In the first sentence a... ... readers who will not interpret his work psychoanalytically, and who will possibly find a new variation on their selves through reading the oedipal complex presented in the latent content of â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River.† For those reading psychoanalytically, however, the piece is brimming with latent meaning. Whether Hemingway understood his transference, or not, cannot be determined, and shouldn’t be determined, but one cannot help but wonder whether he resisted the analyst who questioned a title as phallic as â€Å"Big Two-Hearted River.† Biblography Freud, Sigmund. Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1966. Freud, Sigmund. â€Å"On Universal Tendency to Debasement in Sphere of Love.† Therapy and Technique. Collier Books, 1970. Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"Big Two Hearted River.† In Our Time. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970.

Ethics and the Professional Code of Conduct Essay

Reasons ethics and integrity are important for a police chief or county sheriff. In today’s society, it is not an easy job being a county sheriff or a police chief. The society has become over-critical of law enforcement and the person on top of the chain of command has fully responsibility of all actions on him/her since there are responsible for making the important decisions as to what is morally upright (Perez & Moore, 2012). How the police relate to the public since they need to have the confidence of the public to ensure community policing work. Ethics and integrity are important to a police chief since they help him make day to day decisions in the police force. Some of the unethical behavior that police officers engage include; theft, over speeding, misuse of public office and excessive use of force. The set code of conduct will help a police chief to deal with the officers who are engaged in unethical behavior without discrimination or corruption. Ethics will help pol ice chief in making important decisions in the force. Assigning duties to different officers will require the chief to follow ethics and assign duties to officers according to their performance and not discriminate other officers. This will ensure there is equality in the force which will greatly contribute to the overall performance of the force. When there is integrity from the seniors other officers will follow suit making the entire force more productive in performing their duties. Ethics and integrity will also help a police chief to report cases from his force with honesty to his seniors. This will ensure that he reports truthfully of all the activities of his county. This will lead to a proper relationship with the seniors and this helps in the positive development of the force. When ethics and integrity are practiced in the force it increases the public confidence with the force which in turn improves the collaboration of the public and police in fighting crime. Difference between ethics, integrity and morality within law enforcement. Integrity refers to the state of feeling whole and unbroken by ones actions. It’s the quality of being honest and morally upright (Killinger, 2010). A police office needs to be honest in his actions and always be willing to tell the truth. He should not be involved in activities that would ruin his integrity and in the process damage his reputation. Ethics refers to a set code of conduct. Each profession has its ethics which are generally accepted standard of what is desirable and undesirable. It is what is considered by the society to be good or bad behavior of a person or an entity. Ethics may also include a defined basis of discipline including exclusion (Bonhoeffer & Clifford, 2005). A police officer should always be ethical and not be involved in activities like excessive use of force or abuse of the public office which is unethical and would ruin the image of the police force to the general public. Morality on the other side refers to the ability of a person to differentiate between right and wrong. This greatly helps police officers while making decisions which are spot on. Officers need to be morally upright to ensure that in all the situations they can differentiate what is right or wrong and take the necessary actions. Ways a police chief or county sheriff should use ethics and the code of conduct in decision making. A police is always presented with decisions in which he has to be ethical when making them. One of them is when assigning duties to other officers. He needs to assign duties to the officers according to their abilities and not to discriminate, example, assigning his friends the simple jobs available. He is needs to be ethical when dealing with the cases which are reported. He should not discriminate if he knows the accused or if they are relatives and all the rules should apply to every criminal regardless of the relation with him. By being ethical, the public level of confidence rises and working with the police becomes easier since there is trust between the t wo (Josephson, 2009). References Bonhoeffer, D., & Clifford J, J. G. (2005). Ethics. Killinger, B. (2010). Integrity: Doing the Right Thing for the Right Reason. Perez, D., & Moore, J. (2012). Police Ethics. Josephson, M. (2009). Becoming an Exemplary Peace Officer: The Guide to Ethical Decision Making.

Hidden Figures By Margot Lee Shetterly And Kathryn...

Segregation, a prominent social injustice in American history, is depicted in both Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly and Kathryn Stockett’s The Help. By definition, segregation is the separation of someone or something. During 1960s America, colored people were mistreated regularly. Laws separated those who were white and those who were not. Both groups lived apart and were given separate bathrooms, libraries, and more. However, the colored facilities often were worse in quality, and many endured racism from their white counterparts. There was a wide spectrum of hate crime that varied in severity, as some people were even targets for brutal crimes simply for the amount of melanin in their skin. Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly†¦show more content†¦The text especially demonstrates this when Minny tells Aibileen, â€Å"‘Things ain’t never gone change in this town, Aibileen. We living in hell, we trapped. Our kids trapped’†(Stockett 230). The reason Minny tells Aibileen this is because a colored father was recently shot in front of his children by the KKK, a real hate group targeting minorities. Minny means that everyone colored is ‘trapped’ in fear because of hate crime, and that no matter what, anyone colored is a target. This fear also applies to the way that Minny and Aibileen fear the chance that the citizens of Jackson will realize that part of the novel is told from their perspectives. Both women are maids to upper class white people who can easily ruin lives. Thus, Minny and Aibileen would probably be targets for severe crime. All in all, the way The Help explains the fear of hate crimes significantly impacts the way it depicts segregation. In addition, The Help explains the most significant aspect of racism as a whole- the importance of an upbringing. If a child is raised in a home filled with the acceptance of all, the child will grow up to be a much more open-minded individual. However, if the child is brought up in a home of racism, the child will most likely discriminate those of a different race. Similarly, Aibileen teaches Mae Mobley, a young child, that humans are humans no matter their color.Show MoreRelatedHidden Figures By Margot Lee Shetterly Segregation / Civil Rights Movement1347 Words   |  6 Pagesof colored people and being separated from the white community. This time period, the 1960’s, was shown in both Hidden Figures and The Help. The book Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly represents segregation/Civil Rights Movement as a nonfictional story about three black woman who strive to be engineers at the Langley lab in Virginia and their efforts to get there. However, The Help by Kathryn Stockett represents segregation/Civil Rights Movement as the backdrop for the plot, two black womanRead MoreHidden Figures By Margot Lee Shetterly Segregation / Civil Rights Movement1288 Words   |  6 Pagesof colored people and being separated from the w hite community. This time period, the 1960’s, was shown in both Hidden Figures and The Help. The book Hidden Figures by Margot Lee Shetterly represents segregation/Civil Rights Movement as a nonfictional story about three black women who strive to be engineers at the Langley lab in Virginia and their efforts to get there. However, The Help by Kathryn Stockett represents segregation/Civil Rights Movement as the backdrop for the plot, two black womanRead MoreThe Help And Hidden Figures : A Case Of Racism And Gender Inequality1760 Words   |  8 PagesThe Help and Hidden Figures: A case of Racism and Gender Inequality The movie industry has developed tremendously with movies made that are not afraid to address the current social issues in the world. There is also a trend today where more books are made into movies with the list being endless such as the popular hunger games and Harry Potter books. This caters to those who prefer watching the aspects of the book rather than reading and those who have read the book and what their imagination of